Alignment of carbon nanotubes

ABSTRACT

Carbon nanotubes are aligned within a host phase of a material that has molecules that will align under a certain influence. When the host molecules become aligned, they cause the carbon nanotube fibers to also become aligned in the same direction. The film of aligned carbon nanotubes is then cured into a permanent phase, which can then be polished to produce a thin film of commonly aligned carbon nanotube fibers for use within a field emission device.

This is division of application Ser. No. 09/356,145 filed Jul. 19, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,303.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates in general to display systems, and in particular, to field emission displays.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to achieve good electron field emission. However, in the prior art, the carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode in disorganized positions. FIG. 1 illustrates such a cathode 100 with a substrate 101 and an electrode 102. Illustrated are carbon nanotubes 103 deposited on electrode 102 in such disorganized positions. As a result of the random organization of the carbon nanotube fibers, the efficiency of the electron emission is impacted to be less than possible.

Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method of aligning such carbon nanotubes to improve the efficiency of the electron emission therefrom.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the foregoing need by providing a method for aligning carbon nanotubes within a host phase. Once the carbon nanotubes are aligned, the host phase is then subjected to a binding process to make the alignment of the carbon nanotubes permanent. Thereafter, the surfaces of the host phase can be polished resulting in substantially vertically aligned carbon nanotubes within a thin film, which can then be used within a cathode structure to produce a field emission device, including a display.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art cathode using unaligned carbon nanotubes;

FIG. 2 illustrates carbon nanotubes aligned within a host phase;

FIG. 3 illustrates binding of the host phase;

FIG. 4 illustrates a thin film including vertically aligned carbon nanotubes;

FIG. 5 illustrates a field emission device using the thin film of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 illustrates a data processing system configured in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram of a process for aligning carbon nanotubes in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative embodiment for the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates an etching step within an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates another etching step within an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates application of a metal layer on the host phase; and

FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as specific host phases or display structures, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits have been shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail.

Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views.

The present invention exploits the fact that carbon nanotubes are similar to elongated particles (molecules), which can be placed with a host phase of ordered elongated particles. Such ordered elongated particles could be liquid crystals, ordered metal fibers in a liquid under a magnetic or electric field, geometrically anizotropic particles, anizotropic crystals (elongated) possessing a strong dipole moment, etc. By selecting the size of the nanotubes with respect to the host phase, the present invention aligns the carbon nanotube fibers by aligning the particles of the host phase.

Referring to FIGS. 2-4 and 7, as an example, the host phase 200 could be a liquid crystal having liquid crystal molecules 205. The liquid crystal can also include an ultraviolet (UV) curable binder that hardens the liquid crystal when exposed to UV light, as is further discussed below. The host phase may alternatively be a solution of elongated crystals in an isotropic liquid medium (oil). Another alternative host phase would be a long chain of polymer molecules aligned with each other through a mechanical means, such as rubbing. Such “rubbing” is a commonly used process within the liquid crystal art. Such a rubbing process is further discussed below. The carbon nanotubes 204 are disposed within the host phase (step 701) and initially will likely be unaligned with each other (not shown) similar to as that shown in FIG. 1. This is done within a container (not shown) between electrodes 202 and 203. Electrode 203 is grounded while electrode 202 is coupled to a power source 201. Assume for this example that the liquid crystal molecules are long and heavy (≧500 angstroms). If the nanotubes 204 are approximately 50 micrometers in length, a field of 50-60 volts will align the host molecules 205 and eventually the nanotubes 204 (step 702).

As an alternative, a substrate may be deposited at the bottom of the host phase 200 and above the electrode 203 so that the host phase with the nanotubes is already deposited on a substrate instead of performing the mounting step 705 described below.

Another means for aligning the host phase is to place the host phase in physical contact with an alignment layer, such as illustrated in FIG. 8. On a substrate 801, the alignment layer 802, which can consist of long chain polymers in a semi-solid form are deposited, and then rubbed or combed in one direction to align the polymers in a specified direction. Physical contact of the host phase 803 with the alignment layer 802 aligns the molecules in the host phase in the specified direction, this direction being dependent on many parameters. Alignment of the host phase in the specified direction induces alignment of the nanotubes disposed within the host phase.

As noted previously, the host phase can contain an ultraviolet (UV) curable binder 302 (or other curable monomers, for example by heat, etc.). By shining an ultraviolet light, for example, on the organized aligned phase 301, the process produces a solid film of aligned carbon nanotubes 204. This process is referred to as binding the alignment (step 703).

Thereafter, the solid film can be sliced, for example along dashed lines A and B, and/or one or more of the surfaces polished (step 704) to obtain a thin film 400 of organized carbon nanotubes to be used as a cold electron source for field emission applications. Once an electric field is produced, the carbon nanotubes 204 will emit from their ends 401.

Referring to FIG. 9, step 704 may also alternatively include an etching phase, whereby a portion of the host phase 901 is etched back without etching the nanotubes. This is possible since the nanotubes are made of a carbon or graphic material that is more resistant to etching. As a result, this process will expose portions of the nanotubes 902. It should be noted that the etching step can be performed in combination with or alternatively to the polishing process.

An alternative etching process is illustrated in FIG. 10, whereby a more directional etching process is performed, usually through the use of a mask (not shown), to selectively etch wells 1003 within the host phase 1001 around selected carbon nanotubes 1002. Again, the result is that portions of the nanotubes 1002 are exposed.

Another alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 12 where the nanotubes 1202 are contacted by a conductive layer 1205 on the bottom side. A conductive layer 1204 is deposited on the top side. Wells 1203 are then etched down into the top side conductive layer 1204 and the host phase 1201 such that the top conductive layer 1204 is electrically isolated from the nanotubes 1202. Thus, the top conducting layer 1204 can be used as a gate control.

The exposing of the carbon nanotubes above the host phase can result in a better emission of electrons from the carbon nanotubes.

As an alternative to providing a conductive layer on the bottom of the host phase, a conductive layer 1103 can be deposited on top of the host phase 1101 after an etching process to expose portions of the nanotubes 1102. Naturally, the conductive layer is used to produce the electric field for emission of electrons from the carbon nanotubes 1102.

Alternatively, the host phase in each of the above embodiments can be doped to make the host phase conducting or semiconducting, thus eliminating the need for a conductive layer.

This is further shown by the field emission device 500 is FIG. 5. An anode 501 is made of a substrate 502, an electrode 503 and a phosphor 504. The cathode 505 includes a substrate 506, an electrode 507 and the thin film 400 discussed above. Upon the application of electric field, the carbon nanotubes will emit electrons. Any number of gate electrodes or extraction grids 508, 509 may optionally be implemented.

Such a field emission device 500 can be used in many applications, such as to produce single cathode pixel elements, to produce large billboard-like displays, or even smaller displays such as for computers. The cathodes may be aligned in strips to produce a matrix-addressable display.

FIG. 6 illustrates a data processing system 613 configured to use a display device made from the field emission devices described in FIG. 5, which illustrates a typical hardware configuration of workstation 613 in accordance with the subject invention having central processing unit (CPU) 610, such as a conventional microprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via system bus 612. Workstation 613 includes random access memory (RAM) 614, read only memory (ROM) 616, and input/output (I/O) adapter 618 for connecting peripheral devices such as disk units 620 and tape drives 640 to bus 612, user interface adapter 622 for connecting keyboard 624, mouse 626, and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to bus 612, communication adapter 634 for connecting workstation 613 to a data processing network, and display adapter 636 for connecting bus 612 to display device 638. CPU 610 may include other circuitry not shown herein, which will include circuitry commonly found within a microprocessor, e.g., execution unit, bus interface unit, arithmetic logic unit, etc. CPU 610 may also reside on a single integrated circuit.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An article of manufacture comprising: a host phase; geometric anisotropic particles disposed in the host phase, wherein the geometric anisotropic particles are similarly aligned; and a conductive layer disposed underneath the host phase and contacting some of the geometric anisotropic particles.
 2. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 1, wherein the geometric anisotropic particles are carbon nanotubes.
 3. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 2, wherein the carbon nanotubes are parallel to each other such that their long axes are parallel.
 4. A field emission device comprising: a substrate; a field emitter, comprising carbon nanotubes aligned in a host phase, wherein portions of some of the carbon nanotubes are exposed above the surface of the host phase; and a conductive layer disposed underneath the host phase and contacting some of the carbon nanotubes.
 5. The device as recited in claim 4, further comprising: an electrode disposed between the field emitter and the substrate; an anode disposed a distance away from the field emitter, wherein the anode comprises a phosphor; and a power source operable for creating a electric field to cause electrons to emit from the carbon nanotubes towards the phosphor.
 6. The device as recited in claim 4, wherein portions of some of the carbon nanotubes are exposed above the surface of the host phase.
 7. The device as recited in claim 4, further comprising a conductive layer deposited on top of the host phase but not contacting the exposed portions of the carbon nanotubes.
 8. A field emission device comprising: a substrate; a field emitter, comprising carbon nanotubes aligned in a host phase; and a conductive layer disposed underneath the host phase and contacting some of the carbon nanotubes.
 9. The device as recited in claim 8, where in portions of some of the carbon nontubes are exposed above the surface of the host phase.
 10. A display comprising: an anode comprising a first substrate and a phosphor; a cathode comprising a second substrate and field emitter, wherein the field emitter comprises a host phase with carbon nanotubes similarly aligned therein, the cathode further comprising a conductive layer disposed between the second substrate and the field emitter and contacting some of the carbon nanotubes; and circuitry for creating an electric field to cause electrons to emit from the carbon nanotubes towards the phosphor.
 11. The display as recited in claim 10, where in portions of some of the carbon nanotubes are exposed above the surface of the host phase.
 12. A data processing system comprising: a processor; a memory device; a storage device; and a display, wherein the processor is coupled to the memory device, the storage device, and display via a bus system, wherein the display further comprises: an anode comprising a first substrate and a phosphor; a cathode comprising a second substrate, a conductive layer, and field emitter, wherein the field emitter comprises a host phase with carbon nanotubes similarly aligned therein, wherein the conductive layer is disposed between the second substrate and the field emitter; and circuitry for creating an electric field to cause electrons to emit from the carbon nanotubes towards the phosphor. 